4.3.7Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses amounted to US$37 million (2022: US$35 million) and mainly relate to the internal projects for Renewables development costs and energy transition costs related to emissionZERO^® and ’Digital FPSO’.

The amortization of development costs recognized in the statement of financial position is allocated to cost of sales when the developed technology is used through one or several projects. Otherwise, it is allocated to research and development expenses.